HTML Tutorial & Video Lessons

HTML is the standard markup language for Web pages. With HTML you can create your own Website. HTML is easy to learn – You will enjoy it!

HTML Tutorial

HTML is the standard markup language for Web pages. With HTML you can create your own Website. HTML is easy to learn – You will enjoy it!

HTML Home

HTML HOME

HTML is the standard markup language for Web pages.
With HTML you can create your own Website.
HTML is easy to learn – You will enjoy it!

Study our free HTML Tutorial »

Easy Learning with HTML “Try it Yourself”

With our “Try it Yourself” editor, you can edit the HTML code and view the result:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>This is a Heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself »

Click on the “Try it Yourself” button to see how it works.

HTML Examples

In this HTML tutorial, you will find more than 200 examples. With our online “Try it Yourself” editor, you can edit and test each example yourself!

Go to HTML Examples!

HTML Exercises

This HTML tutorial also contains nearly 100 HTML exercises.

HTML Quiz Test

Test your HTML skills with our HTML Quiz!

Start HTML Quiz!

HTML References

At W3Schools you will find complete references about HTML elements, attributes, events, color names, entities, character-sets, URL encoding, language codes, HTTP messages, browser support, and more:

HTML Introduction

HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages.

What is HTML?

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages
HTML describes the structure of a Web page
HTML consists of a series of elements
HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content
HTML elements label pieces of content such as “this is a heading”, “this is a paragraph”, “this is a link”, etc.

A Simple HTML Document

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself »

Example Explained

The declaration defines that this document is an HTML5 document
The element is the root element of an HTML page
The element contains meta information about the HTML page
The

HTML Editors

A simple text editor is all you need to learn HTML.

Learn HTML Using Notepad or TextEdit

Web pages can be created and modified by using professional HTML editors.

However, for learning HTML we recommend a simple text editor like Notepad (PC) or TextEdit (Mac).

We believe in that using a simple text editor is a good way to learn HTML.

Follow the steps below to create your first web page with Notepad or TextEdit.

Step 1: Open Notepad (PC)

Windows 8 or later:

Open the Start Screen (the window symbol at the bottom left on your screen). Type Notepad.

Windows 7 or earlier:

Open Start > Programs > Accessories > Notepad

Step 1: Open TextEdit (Mac)

Open Finder > Applications > TextEdit

Also change some preferences to get the application to save files correctly. In Preferences > Format > choose “Plain Text”

Then under “Open and Save”, check the box that says “Display HTML files as HTML code instead of formatted text”.

Then open a new document to place the code.

Step 2: Write Some HTML

Write or copy the following HTML code into Notepad:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Step 3: Save the HTML Page

Save the file on your computer. Select File > Save as in the Notepad menu.

Name the file “index.htm” and set the encoding to UTF-8 (which is the preferred encoding for HTML files).

Tip: You can use either .htm or .html as file extension. There is no difference, it is up to you.

Step 4: View the HTML Page in Your Browser

Open the saved HTML file in your favorite browser (double click on the file, or right-click – and choose “Open with”).

The result will look much like this:

W3Schools Online Editor – “Try it Yourself”

With our free online editor, you can edit the HTML code and view the result in your browser.

It is the perfect tool when you want to test code fast. It also has color coding and the ability to save and share code with others:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1>My first Heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself »

Click on the “Try it Yourself” button to see how it works.

HTML Basic

HTML Basic Examples

In this chapter we will show some basic HTML examples.

Don’t worry if we use tags you have not learned about yet.

HTML Documents

All HTML documents must start with a document type declaration: .

The HTML document itself begins with and ends with .

The visible part of the HTML document is between and .

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself »

The Declaration

The declaration represents the document type, and helps browsers to display web pages correctly.

It must only appear once, at the top of the page (before any HTML tags).

The declaration is not case sensitive.

The declaration for HTML5 is:

<!DOCTYPE html>

HTML Headings

HTML headings are defined with the

to

tags.

defines the most important heading.

defines the least important heading:

Example

<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>

Try it Yourself »

HTML Paragraphs

HTML paragraphs are defined with the

tag:

Example

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

Try it Yourself »

HTML Links

HTML links are defined with the tag:

Example

<a href="https://www.learnprosoft.com">This is a link</a>

Try it Yourself »

The link’s destination is specified in the href attribute.

Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements.

You will learn more about attributes in a later chapter.

HTML Images

HTML images are defined with the tag.

The source file (src), alternative text (alt), width, and height are provided as attributes:

Example

<img src="learnprosoft.jpg" alt="learnprosoft.com" width="104" height="142">

Try it Yourself »

How to View HTML Source?

Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered “Hey! How did they do that?”

View HTML Source Code:

Right-click in an HTML page and select “View Page Source” (in Chrome) or “View Source” (in Edge), or similar in other browsers. This will open a window containing the HTML source code of the page.

Inspect an HTML Element:

Right-click on an element (or a blank area), and choose “Inspect” or “Inspect Element” to see what elements are made up of (you will see both the HTML and the CSS). You can also edit the HTML or CSS on-the-fly in the Elements or Styles panel that opens.

HTML Elements

HTML Editors

An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag.

HTML Elements

The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

<tagname>Content goes here…</tagname>

Examples of some HTML elements:

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Start tag	Element content	End tag
<h1>	My First Heading	</h1>
<p>	My first paragraph.	</p>
<br>	none	none

Note: Some HTML elements have no content (like the
element). These elements are called empty elements. Empty elements do not have an end tag!

Nested HTML Elements

HTML elements can be nested (this means that elements can contain other elements).

All HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.

The following example contains four HTML elements (, ,

and

):

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself »

Example Explained

The element is the root element and it defines the whole HTML document.

It has a start tag and an end tag .

Then, inside the element there is a element:

<body>

<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>

</body>

The element defines the document’s body.

It has a start tag and an end tag .

Then, inside the element there are two other elements:

and

:

<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>

The

element defines a heading.

It has a start tag

and an end tag

<h1>My First Heading</h1>

The

element defines a paragraph.

It has a start tag

and an end tag

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Never Skip the End Tag

Some HTML elements will display correctly, even if you forget the end tag:

Example

<html>
<body>

<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is a paragraph

</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself »

However, never rely on this! Unexpected results and errors may occur if you forget the end tag!

Empty HTML Elements

HTML elements with no content are called empty elements.

The tag defines a line break, and is an empty element without a closing tag:

Example

<p>This is a <br> paragraph with a line break.</p>

Try it Yourself »

HTML is Not Case Sensitive

HTML tags are not case sensitive:

means the same as

The HTML standard does not require lowercase tags, but W3C recommends lowercase in HTML, and demands lowercase for stricter document types like XHTML.

At Learnprosoft we always use lowercase tag names.

HTML Tag Reference

Learnprosoft tag reference contains additional information about these tags and their attributes.

Tag	Description
<html>	Defines the root of an HTML document
<body>	Defines the document’s body
<h1> to <h6>	Defines HTML headings

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Attributes

HTML attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.

HTML Attributes

All HTML elements can have attributes
Attributes provide additional information about elements
Attributes are always specified in the start tag
Attributes usually come in name/value pairs like: name=”value”

The href Attribute

The tag defines a hyperlink. The href attribute specifies the URL of the page the link goes to:

Example

<a href="https://www.learnprosoft.com">Visit learnprosoft</a>

Try it Yourself »

You will learn more about links in our HTML Links chapter.

The src Attribute

The tag is used to embed an image in an HTML page. The src attribute specifies the path to the image to be displayed:

Example

<img src="img_girl.jpg">

Try it Yourself »

There are two ways to specify the URL in the src attribute:

1. Absolute URL – Links to an external image that is hosted on another website. Example: src=”https://www.w3schools.com/images/img_girl.jpg”.

Notes: External images might be under copyright. If you do not get permission to use it, you may be in violation of copyright laws. In addition, you cannot control external images; it can suddenly be removed or changed.

2. Relative URL – Links to an image that is hosted within the website. Here, the URL does not include the domain name. If the URL begins without a slash, it will be relative to the current page. Example: src=”img_girl.jpg”. If the URL begins with a slash, it will be relative to the domain. Example: src=”/images/img_girl.jpg”.

Tip: It is almost always best to use relative URLs. They will not break if you change domain.

The width and height Attributes

The tag should also contain the width and height attributes, which specifies the width and height of the image (in pixels):

Example

<img src="img_girl.jpg" width="500" height="600">

Try it Yourself »

The alt Attribute

The required alt attribute for the tag specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image for some reason cannot be displayed. This can be due to slow connection, or an error in the src attribute, or if the user uses a screen reader.

Example

<img src="img_girl.jpg" alt="Girl with a jacket">

Try it Yourself »

Example

See what happens if we try to display an image that does not exist:

<img src="img_typo.jpg" alt="Girl with a jacket">

Try it Yourself »

You will learn more about images in our HTML Images chapter.

The style Attribute

The style attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as color, font, size, and more.

Example

<p style="color:red;">This is a red paragraph.</p>

Try it Yourself »

You will learn more about styles in our HTML Styles chapter.

The lang Attribute

You should always include the lang attribute inside the tag, to declare the language of the Web page. This is meant to assist search engines and browsers.

The following example specifies English as the language:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<body>
...
</body>
</html>

Country codes can also be added to the language code in the lang attribute. So, the first two characters define the language of the HTML page, and the last two characters define the country.

The following example specifies English as the language and United States as the country:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<body>
...
</body>
</html>

You can see all the language codes in our HTML Language Code Reference.

The title Attribute

The title attribute defines some extra information about an element.

The value of the title attribute will be displayed as a tooltip when you mouse over the element:

Example

<p title="I'm a tooltip">This is a paragraph.</p>

Try it Yourself »

We Suggest: Always Use Lowercase Attributes

The HTML standard does not require lowercase attribute names.

The title attribute (and all other attributes) can be written with uppercase or lowercase like title or TITLE.

However, W3C recommends lowercase attributes in HTML, and demands lowercase attributes for stricter document types like XHTML.

At learnprosoft we always use lowercase attribute names.

We Suggest: Always Quote Attribute Values

The HTML standard does not require quotes around attribute values.

However, W3C recommends quotes in HTML, and demands quotes for stricter document types like XHTML.

Good:

<a href="https://www.learnprosoft.com/html/">Visit our HTML tutorial</a>

Bad:

<a href=https://www.learnprosoft.com/html/>Visit our HTML tutorial</a>

Sometimes you have to use quotes. This example will not display the title attribute correctly, because it contains a space:

Example

<p title=About learnprosoft>

Try it Yourself »

At learnprosoft we always use quotes around attribute values.

Single or Double Quotes?

Double quotes around attribute values are the most common in HTML, but single quotes can also be used.

In some situations, when the attribute value itself contains double quotes, it is necessary to use single quotes:

<p title='John "ShotGun" Nelson'>

Or vice versa:

<p title="John 'ShotGun' Nelson">

Try it Yourself »

Chapter Summary

All HTML elements can have attributes
The href attribute of specifies the URL of the page the link goes to
The src attribute of specifies the path to the image to be displayed
The width and height attributes of provide size information for images
The alt attribute of provides an alternate text for an image
The style attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as color, font, size, and more
The lang attribute of the tag declares the language of the Web page
The title attribute defines some extra information about an element

HTML Exercises

HTML Attribute Reference

A complete list of all attributes for each HTML element, is listed in our: HTML Attribute Reference.

HTML Headings

HTML headings are titles or subtitles that you want to display on a webpage.

Example

Heading 1

Heading 2

Heading 3

Heading 4

Heading 5

Heading 6

Try it Yourself »

HTML Headings

Search engines use the headings to index the structure and content of your web pages.

Users often skim a page by its headings. It is important to use headings to show the document structure.

headings should be used for main headings, followed by

headings, then the less important

, and so on.

Example

<h1>Heading 1</h1>
<h2>Heading 2</h2>
<h3>Heading 3</h3>
<h4>Heading 4</h4>
<h5>Heading 5</h5>
<h6>Heading 6</h6>

Try it Yourself »

Note: Browsers automatically add some white space (a margin) before and after a heading.

Headings Are Important

Search engines use the headings to index the structure and content of your web pages.

Users often skim a page by its headings. It is important to use headings to show the document structure.

headings should be used for main headings, followed by

headings, then the less important

, and so on.

Note: Use HTML headings for headings only. Don’t use headings to make text BIG or bold.

Bigger Headings

Each HTML heading has a default size. However, you can specify the size for any heading with the style attribute, using the CSS font-size property:

Example

<h1 style="font-size:60px;">Heading 1</h1>

Try it Yourself »

HTML Exercises

HTML Tag Reference

W3Schools’ tag reference contains additional information about these tags and their attributes.

Tag	Description
	Defines the root of an HTML document
	Defines the document’s body
to	Defines HTML headings

Tag

Description

Defines the root of an HTML document

Defines the document’s body

to

Defines HTML headings

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Paragraphs

A paragraph always starts on a new line, and is usually a block of text.

HTML Paragraphs

The HTML

element defines a paragraph.

A paragraph always starts on a new line, and browsers automatically add some white space (a margin) before and after a paragraph.

Example

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>

Try it Yourself »

HTML Display

You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed.

Large or small screens, and resized windows will create different results.

With HTML, you cannot change the display by adding extra spaces or extra lines in your HTML code.

The browser will automatically remove any extra spaces and lines when the page is displayed:

Example

<p>
This paragraph
contains a lot of lines
in the source code,
but the browser
ignores it.
</p>

<p>
This paragraph
contains         a lot of spaces
in the source         code,
but the        browser
ignores it.
</p>

Try it Yourself »

HTML Horizontal Rules

The

tag defines a thematic break in an HTML page, and is most often displayed as a horizontal rule.

The

element is used to separate content (or define a change) in an HTML page:

Example

<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<p>This is some text.</p>
<hr>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<p>This is some other text.</p>
<hr>

Try it Yourself »

The

tag is an empty tag, which means that it has no end tag.

HTML Line Breaks

The HTML element defines a line break.

Use if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new paragraph:

Example

<p>This is<br>a paragraph<br>with line breaks.</p>

Try it Yourself »

The tag is an empty tag, which means that it has no end tag.

The Poem Problem

This poem will display on a single line:

Example

<p>
  My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

My Bonnie lies over the sea.

My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.
</p>

Try it Yourself »

Solution – The HTML

 Element

The HTML

 element defines preformatted text.

The text inside a

 element is displayed in a fixed-width font (usually Courier), and it preserves both spaces and line breaks:

Example

<pre>
  My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

My Bonnie lies over the sea.

My Bonnie lies over the ocean.

Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.
</pre>

Try it Yourself »

HTML Exercises

HTML Tag Reference

learnprosoft’ tag reference contains additional information about HTML elements and their attributes.

Tag	Description
	Defines a paragraph
	Defines a thematic change in the content
	Inserts a single line break
	Defines pre-formatted text

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Styles

The HTML style attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as color, font, size, and more.

Example

I am Red

I am Blue

I am Big

Try it Yourself »

The HTML Style Attribute

Setting the style of an HTML element, can be done with the style attribute.

The HTML style attribute has the following syntax:

<tagname style=”property:value;“>

The property is a CSS property. The value is a CSS value.

You will learn more about CSS later in this tutorial.

Background Color

The CSS background-color property defines the background color for an HTML element.

Example

Set the background color for a page to powderblue:

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

</body>

Try it Yourself »

Example

Set background color for two different elements:

<body>

<h1 style=”background-color:powderblue;”>This is a heading</h1>
<p style=”background-color:tomato;”>This is a paragraph.</p>

HTML Formattings

HTML Text Formatting

HTML contains several elements for defining text with a special meaning.

Example

This text is bold

This text is italic

This is_subscript and ^superscript

Try it Yourself »

HTML Formatting Elements

Formatting elements were designed to display special types of text:

HTML and Elements

The HTML element defines bold text, without any extra importance.

Example

Try it Yourself »

The HTML element defines text with strong importance. The content inside is typically displayed in bold.

Example

<strong>This text is important!</strong>

Try it Yourself »

HTML and Elements

The HTML element defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood. The content inside is typically displayed in italic.

Tip: The tag is often used to indicate a technical term, a phrase from another language, a thought, a ship name, etc.

Example

<i>This text is italic</i>

Try it Yourself »

The HTML element defines emphasized text. The content inside is typically displayed in italic.

HTML Text Formatting Elements

Tag	Description
	Defines bold text
	Defines emphasized text
	Defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood
	Defines smaller text
	Defines important text
	Defines subscripted text
	Defines superscripted text
	Defines inserted text
	Defines deleted text
	Defines marked/highlighted text

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Quotations

HTML Quotation and Citation Elements

In this chapter we will go through the

,, ,
, , and  HTML elements.
Example
Here is a quote from WWF’s website:
For nearly 60 years, WWF has been protecting the future of nature. The world’s leading conservation organization, WWF works in 100 countries and is supported by more than one million members in the United States and close to five million globally.
Try it Yourself »

HTML
for Quotations
The HTML
element defines a section that is quoted from another source.
Browsers usually indent
elements.
Example
<p>Here is a quote from WWF’s website:</p>
<blockquote cite=”http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/index.html”>
For 50 years, WWF has been protecting the future of nature.
The world’s leading conservation organization,
WWF works in 100 countries and is supported by
1.2 million members in the United States and
close to 5 million globally.
</blockquote>
Try it Yourself »
HTML for Short Quotations
The HTML  tag defines a short quotation.
Browsers normally insert quotation marks around the quotation.
Example
<p>WWF’s goal is to: <q>Build a future where people live in harmony with nature.</q></p>
Try it Yourself »

HTML for Abbreviations
The HTML  tag defines an abbreviation or an acronym, like “HTML”, “CSS”, “Mr.”, “Dr.”, “ASAP”, “ATM”.
Marking abbreviations can give useful information to browsers, translation systems and search-engines.
Tip: Use the global title attribute to show the description for the abbreviation/acronym when you mouse over the element.
Example
<p>The <abbr title=”World Health Organization”>WHO</abbr> was founded in 1948.</p>
Try it Yourself »
HTML
for Contact Information
The HTML
tag defines the contact information for the author/owner of a document or an article.
The contact information can be an email address, URL, physical address, phone number, social media handle, etc.
The text in the
element usually renders in italic, and browsers will always add a line break before and after the

element.
Example
<address>
Written by John Doe.<br>
Visit us at:<br>
Example.com<br>
Box 564, Disneyland<br>
USA
</address>
Try it Yourself »
HTML for Work Title
The HTML  tag defines the title of a creative work (e.g. a book, a poem, a song, a movie, a painting, a sculpture, etc.).
Note: A person’s name is not the title of a work.
The text in the  element usually renders in italic.
Example
<p><cite>The Scream</cite> by Edvard Munch. Painted in 1893.</p>
Try it Yourself »
HTML for Bi-Directional Override
BDO stands for Bi-Directional Override.
The HTML  tag is used to override the current text direction:
Example
<bdo dir=”rtl”>This text will be written from right to left</bdo>
Try it Yourself »
HTML Exercises
Test Yourself With Exercises
Exercise:
Use an HTML element to add quotation marks around the letters “cool”.
I am so cool.
Start the Exercise
HTML Quotation and Citation Elements
Tag Description
Defines an abbreviation or acronym

Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document
Defines the text direction

Defines a section that is quoted from another source
Defines the title of a work
Defines a short inline quotation
For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

Tag	Description
	Defines an abbreviation or acronym
	Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document
	Defines the text direction
	Defines a section that is quoted from another source
	Defines the title of a work
	Defines a short inline quotation

HTML Comments

HTML comments are not displayed in the browser, but they can help document your HTML source code.

HTML Comment Tag

You can add comments to your HTML source by using the following syntax:

Notice that there is an exclamation point (!) in the start tag, but not in the end tag.

Note: Comments are not displayed by the browser, but they can help document your HTML source code.

Add Comments

With comments you can place notifications and reminders in your HTML code:

Example

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

HTML Exercises

HTML Links

Links are found in nearly all web pages. Links allow users to click their way from page to page.

HTML Links – Hyperlinks

HTML links are hyperlinks.

You can click on a link and jump to another document.

When you move the mouse over a link, the mouse arrow will turn into a little hand.

Note: A link does not have to be text. A link can be an image or any other HTML element!

HTML Links – Syntax

The HTML tag defines a hyperlink. It has the following syntax:

The most important attribute of the element is the href attribute, which indicates the link’s destination.

The link text is the part that will be visible to the reader.

Clicking on the link text, will send the reader to the specified URL address.

Example

This example shows how to create a link to W3Schools.com:

<a href=”https://www.w3schools.com/”>Visit W3Schools.com!</a>

Try it Yourself »

By default, links will appear as follows in all browsers:

An unvisited link is underlined and blue
A visited link is underlined and purple
An active link is underlined and red

Tip: Links can of course be styled with CSS, to get another look!

HTML Links – The target Attribute

By default, the linked page will be displayed in the current browser window. To change this, you must specify another target for the link.

The target attribute specifies where to open the linked document.

The target attribute can have one of the following values:

_self – Default. Opens the document in the same window/tab as it was clicked
_blank – Opens the document in a new window or tab
_parent – Opens the document in the parent frame
_top – Opens the document in the full body of the window

Example

Use target=”_blank” to open the linked document in a new browser window or tab:

<a href=”https://www.w3schools.com/” target=”_blank”>Visit W3Schools!</a>

Try it Yourself »

Absolute URLs vs. Relative URLs

Both examples above are using an absolute URL (a full web address) in the href attribute.

A local link (a link to a page within the same website) is specified with a relative URL (without the “https://www” part):

Example

<h2>Absolute URLs</h2>
<p><a href=”https://www.w3.org/”>W3C</a></p>
<p><a href=”https://www.google.com/”>Google</a></p>

<h2>Relative URLs</h2>
<p><a href=”html_images.asp”>HTML Images</a></p>
<p><a href=”/css/default.asp”>CSS Tutorial</a></p>

Try it Yourself »

HTML Links – Use an Image as a Link

To use an image as a link, just put the tag inside the tag:

Example

Try it Yourself »

Link to an Email Address

Use mailto: inside the href attribute to create a link that opens the user’s email program (to let them send a new email):

Example

<a href=”mailto:[email protected]”>Send email</a>

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Button as a Link

To use an HTML button as a link, you have to add some JavaScript code.

JavaScript allows you to specify what happens at certain events, such as a click of a button:

Example

<button onclick=”document.location=’default.asp'”>HTML Tutorial</button>

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Tip: Learn more about JavaScript in our JavaScript Tutorial.

Link Titles

The title attribute specifies extra information about an element. The information is most often shown as a tooltip text when the mouse moves over the element.

Example

<a href=”https://www.w3schools.com/html/” title=”Go to W3Schools HTML section”>Visit our HTML Tutorial</a>

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Chapter Summary

Use the element to define a link
Use the href attribute to define the link address
Use the target attribute to define where to open the linked document
Use the element (inside ) to use an image as a link
Use the mailto: scheme inside the href attribute to create a link that opens the user’s email program

HTML Link Tags

Tag	Description
	Defines a hyperlink

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Links – Different Colors

An HTML link is displayed in a different color depending on whether it has been visited, is unvisited, or is active.

HTML Link Colors

By default, a link will appear like this (in all browsers):

An unvisited link is underlined and blue
A visited link is underlined and purple
An active link is underlined and red

You can change the link state colors, by using CSS:

Example

Here, an unvisited link will be green with no underline. A visited link will be pink with no underline. An active link will be yellow and underlined. In addition, when mousing over a link (a:hover) it will become red and underlined:

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Link Buttons

A link can also be styled as a button, by using CSS:

This is a link

Example

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To learn more about CSS, go to our CSS Tutorial.

HTML Link Tags

Tag	Description
	Defines a hyperlink

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Links – Create Bookmarks

HTML links can be used to create bookmarks, so that readers can jump to specific parts of a web page.

Create a Bookmark in HTML

Bookmarks can be useful if a web page is very long.

To create a bookmark – first create the bookmark, then add a link to it.

When the link is clicked, the page will scroll down or up to the location with the bookmark.

Example

First, use the id attribute to create a bookmark:

<h2 id=”C4″>Chapter 4</h2>

Then, add a link to the bookmark (“Jump to Chapter 4”), from within the same page:

Example

<a href=”#C4″>Jump to Chapter 4</a>

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You can also add a link to a bookmark on another page:

<a href=”html_demo.html#C4″>Jump to Chapter 4</a>

Chapter Summary

Use the id attribute (id=”value“) to define bookmarks in a page
Use the href attribute (href=”#value“) to link to the bookmark

HTML Exercises

HTML Link Tags

Tag	Description
	Defines a hyperlink

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Imeges

HTML Images

Images can improve the design and the appearance of a web page.

HTML Images Syntax

The HTML tag is used to embed an image in a web page.

Images are not technically inserted into a web page; images are linked to web pages. The tag creates a holding space for the referenced image.

The tag is empty, it contains attributes only, and does not have a closing tag.

The tag has two required attributes:

src – Specifies the path to the image
alt – Specifies an alternate text for the image

Syntax

The src Attribute

The required src attribute specifies the path (URL) to the image.

Note: When a web page loads, it is the browser, at that moment, that gets the image from a web server and inserts it into the page. Therefore, make sure that the image actually stays in the same spot in relation to the web page, otherwise your visitors will get a broken link icon. The broken link icon and the alt text are shown if the browser cannot find the image.

Example

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The alt Attribute

The required alt attribute provides an alternate text for an image, if the user for some reason cannot view it (because of slow connection, an error in the src attribute, or if the user uses a screen reader).

The value of the alt attribute should describe the image:

Example

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If a browser cannot find an image, it will display the value of the alt attribute:

Example

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Tip: A screen reader is a software program that reads the HTML code, and allows the user to “listen” to the content. Screen readers are useful for people who are visually impaired or learning disabled.

Image Size – Width and Height

You can use the style attribute to specify the width and height of an image.

Example

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Alternatively, you can use the width and height attributes:

Example

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The width and height attributes always define the width and height of the image in pixels.

Note: Always specify the width and height of an image. If width and height are not specified, the web page might flicker while the image loads.

Width and Height, or Style?

The width, height, and style attributes are all valid in HTML.

However, we suggest using the style attribute. It prevents styles sheets from changing the size of images:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
img {
width: 100%;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

</body>
</html>

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Images in Another Folder

If you have your images in a sub-folder, you must include the folder name in the src attribute:

Example

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Images on Another Server/Website

Some web sites point to an image on another server.

To point to an image on another server, you must specify an absolute (full) URL in the src attribute:

Example

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<p><img src=”smiley.gif” alt=”Smiley face” style=”float:right;width:42px;height:42px;”>
The image will float to the right of the text.</p>

<p><img src=”smiley.gif” alt=”Smiley face” style=”float:left;width:42px;height:42px;”>
The image will float to the left of the text.</p>

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Tip: To learn more about CSS Float, read our CSS Float Tutorial.

Common Image Formats

Here are the most common image file types, which are supported in all browsers (Chrome, Edge, Firefox, Safari, Opera):

Abbreviation	File Format	File Extension
APNG	Animated Portable Network Graphics	.apng
GIF	Graphics Interchange Format	.gif
ICO	Microsoft Icon	.ico, .cur
JPEG	Joint Photographic Expert Group image	.jpg, .jpeg, .jfif, .pjpeg, .pjp
PNG	Portable Network Graphics	.png
SVG	Scalable Vector Graphics	.svg

Chapter Summary

Use the HTML element to define an image
Use the HTML src attribute to define the URL of the image
Use the HTML alt attribute to define an alternate text for an image, if it cannot be displayed
Use the HTML width and height attributes or the CSS width and height properties to define the size of the image
Use the CSS float property to let the image float to the left or to the right

Note: Loading large images takes time, and can slow down your web page. Use images carefully.

HTML Exercises

HTML Image Tags

Tag	Description
	Defines an image
	Defines an image map
	Defines a clickable area inside an image map
	Defines a container for multiple image resources

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Image Maps

With HTML image maps, you can create clickable areas on an image.

Image Maps

The HTML

tag defines an image map. An image map is an image with clickable areas. The areas are defined with one or more

tags.

Try to click on the computer, phone, or the cup of coffee in the image below:

Workplace

Example

Here is the HTML source code for the image map above:

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How Does it Work?

The idea behind an image map is that you should be able to perform different actions depending on where in the image you click.

To create an image map you need an image, and some HTML code that describes the clickable areas.

The Image

The image is inserted using the tag. The only difference from other images is that you must add a usemap attribute:

The usemap value starts with a hash tag # followed by the name of the image map, and is used to create a relationship between the image and the image map.

Tip: You can use any image as an image map!

Create Image Map

Then, add a

element.

The

element is used to create an image map, and is linked to the image by using the required name attribute:

The name attribute must have the same value as the ‘s usemap attribute .

The Areas

Then, add the clickable areas.

A clickable area is defined using an

element.

Shape

You must define the shape of the clickable area, and you can choose one of these values:

rect – defines a rectangular region
circle – defines a circular region
poly – defines a polygonal region
default – defines the entire region

You must also define some coordinates to be able to place the clickable area onto the image.

Shape=”rect”

The coordinates for shape="rect" come in pairs, one for the x-axis and one for the y-axis.

So, the coordinates 34,44 is located 34 pixels from the left margin and 44 pixels from the top:

Workplace

French Food

We have to find the x and y coordinates for all edges of the croissant:

French Food

The coordinates come in pairs, one for the x-axis and one for the y-axis:

Example

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This is the area that becomes clickable and will send the user to the page “croissant.htm”:

French Food

Image Map and JavaScript

A clickable area can also trigger a JavaScript function.

Add a click event to the

element to execute a JavaScript function:

Example

Here, we use the onclick attribute to execute a JavaScript function when the area is clicked:

Try it Yourself »

Chapter Summary

- Use the HTML
  
  element to define an image map
- Use the HTML

element to define the clickable areas in the image map
Use the HTML usemap attribute of the element to point to an image map

HTML Image Tags

Tag	Description
	Defines an image
	Defines an image map
	Defines a clickable area inside an image map
	Defines a container for multiple image resources

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Background Images

A background image can be specified for almost any HTML element.

Background Image on a HTML element

To add a background image on an HTML element, use the HTML style attribute and the CSS background-image property:

Example

Add a background image on a HTML element:

Try it Yourself »

You can also specify the background image in the

HTML Favicon

A favicon is a small image displayed next to the page title in the browser tab.

How To Add a Favicon in HTML

You can use any image you like as your favicon. You can also create your own favicon on sites like https://www.favicon.cc.

Tip: A favicon is a small image, so it should be a simple image with high contrast.

A favicon image is displayed to the left of the page title in the browser tab, like this:

Example of favicon

To add a favicon to your website, either save your favicon image to the root directory of your webserver, or create a folder in the root directory called images, and save your favicon image in this folder. A common name for a favicon image is “favicon.ico”.

Next, add a element to your “index.html” file, after the

HTML Tables

HTML tables allow web developers to arrange data into rows and columns.

Example

Company	Contact	Country
Alfreds Futterkiste	Maria Anders	Germany
Centro comercial Moctezuma	Francisco Chang	Mexico
Ernst Handel	Roland Mendel	Austria
Island Trading	Helen Bennett	UK
Laughing Bacchus Winecellars	Yoshi Tannamuri	Canada
Magazzini Alimentari Riuniti	Giovanni Rovelli	Italy

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Define an HTML Table

A table in HTML consists of table cells inside rows and columns

Example

A simple HTML table:

<table>
  <tr>
    <th>Company</th>
    <th>Contact</th>
    <th>Country</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td>Alfreds Futterkiste</td>
    <td>Maria Anders</td>
    <td>Germany</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Centro comercial Moctezuma</td>
    <td>Francisco Chang</td>
    <td>Mexico</td>
  </tr>
</table>

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Video Introduction to HTML Tables

We have made a video tutorial that covers all the basics of HTML – in a new fun format :-}
Watch the chapter about HTML Tables for free!

Table Cells

Each table cell is defined by a

and a

tag.

td stands for table data.

Everything between

and

are the content of the table cell.

Example

<table>
  <tr>
  <td>Emil</td>
    <td>Tobias</td>
    <td>Linus</td>
  </tr>
</table>

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Note: table data elements are the data containers of the table.
They can contain all sorts of HTML elements; text, images, lists, other tables, etc.

Table Rows

Each table row starts with a

and end with a

tag.

tr stands for table row.

Example

<table>
  <tr>
  <td>Emil</td>
    <td>Tobias</td>
    <td>Linus</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td>16</td>
    <td>14</td>
    <td>10</td>
  </tr>
</table>

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You can have as many rows as you like in a table, just make sure that the number of cells are the same in each row.

Note: There are times where a row can have less or more cells than another. You will learn about that in a later chapter.

Table Headers

Sometimes you want your cells to be headers, in those cases use the

tag instead of the

tag:

Example

Let the first row be table headers:

<table>
  <tr>
  <th>Person 1</th>
    <th>Person 2</th>
    <th>Person 3</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td>Emil</td>
    <td>Tobias</td>
    <td>Linus</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td>16</td>
    <td>14</td>
    <td>10</td>
  </tr>
</table>

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By default, the text in

elements are bold and centered, but you can change that with CSS.

HTML Exercises

HTML Table Tags

Tag	Description
	Defines a table
	Defines a header cell in a table
	Defines a row in a table
		Defines a cell in a table
	Defines a table caption
	Specifies a group of one or more columns in a table for formatting
	Specifies column properties for each column within a element
	Groups the header content in a table
	Groups the body content in a table
	Groups the footer content in a table

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Table Borders

HTML tables can have borders of different styles and shapes.

How To Add a Border

When you add a border to a table, you also add borders around each table cell:

To add a border, use the CSS border property on table, th, and td elements:

Example

table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
}

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Collapsed Table Borders

To avoid having double borders like in the example above, set the CSS border-collapse property to collapse.

This will make the borders collapse into a single border:

Example

table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
border-collapse: collapse;
}

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Style Table Borders

If you set a background color of each cell, and give the border a white color (the same as the document background), you get the impression of an invisible border:

Example

table, th, td {
border: 1px solid white;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
th, td {
background-color: #96D4D4;
}

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Round Table Borders

With the border-radius property, the borders get rounded corners:

Example

table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
border-radius: 10px;
}

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Skip the border around the table by leaving out table from the css selector:

Example

th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
border-radius: 10px;
}

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Dotted Table Borders

With the border-style property, you can set the appereance of the border.

The following values are allowed:

Example

th, td {
border-style: dotted;
}

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Border Color

With the border-color property, you can set the color of the border.

Example

th, td {
border-color: #96D4D4;
}

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HTML Table Sizes

HTML tables can have different sizes for each column, row or the entire table.

Use the style attribute with the width or height properties to specify the size of a table, row or column.

HTML Table Width

To set the width of a table, add the style attribute to the

element:

Example

Set the width of the table to 100%:

<table style=”width:100%”>
  <tr>
    <th>Firstname</th>
    <th>Lastname</th>
    <th>Age</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td>Jill</td>
    <td>Smith</td>
    <td>50</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Eve</td>
    <td>Jackson</td>
    <td>94</td>
  </tr>
</table>

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Note: Using a percentage as the size unit for a width means how wide will this element be compared to its parent element, which in this case is the

element.

HTML Table Column WidthTo set the size of a specific column, add the style attribute on a

element:

Example

Set the width of the first column to 70%:

<table style=”width:100%”>
  <tr>
    <th style=”width:70%”>Firstname</th>
    <th>Lastname</th>
    <th>Age</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td>Jill</td>
    <td>Smith</td>
    <td>50</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Eve</td>
    <td>Jackson</td>
    <td>94</td>
  </tr>
</table>

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HTML Table Row Height

To set the height of a specific row, add the style attribute on a table row element:

Example

Set the height of the second row to 200 pixels:

<table style=”width:100%”>
  <tr>
    <th>Firstname</th>
    <th>Lastname</th>
    <th>Age</th>
  </tr>
  <tr style=”height:200px”>
  <td>Jill</td>
    <td>Smith</td>
    <td>50</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Eve</td>
    <td>Jackson</td>
    <td>94</td>
  </tr>
</table>

Try it Yourself »

HTML Exercises

First Name Last Name Points

Jill Smith 50

Start the Exercise

HTML Table Headers

HTML tables can have headers for each column or row, or for many columns/rows.

EMIL	TOBIAS	LINUS

8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00

	MON	TUE	WED	THU	FRI
8:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00

DECEMBER

HTML Table Headers

Table headers are defined with th elements, each th element represents a table cell.

Example

<table>
  <tr>
    <th>Firstname</th>
    <th>Lastname</th>
    <th>Age</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jill</td>
    <td>Smith</td>
    <td>50</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Eve</td>
    <td>Jackson</td>
    <td>94</td>
  </tr>
</table>

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Vertical Table Headers

To use the first column as table headers, define the first cell in each row as a th element:

Example

<table>
  <tr>
    <th>Firstname</th>
    <td>Jill</td>
    <td>Eve</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <th>Lastname</th>
    <td>Smith</td>
    <td>Jackson</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th>Age</th>
    <td>94</td>
    <td>50</td>
  </tr>
</table>

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Align Table Headers

By default, table headers are bold and centered:

Firstname	Lastname	Age
Jill	Smith	50
Eve	Jackson	94

To left-align the table headers, use the CSS text-align property:

Example

th {
text-align: left;
}

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Header for Multiple Columns

You can have a header that spans over two or more columns.

Name		Age
Jill	Smith	50
Eve	Jackson	94

To do this, use the colspan attribute on the

element:

Example

<table>
  <tr>
    <th colspan=”2″>Name</th>
    <th>Age</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jill</td>
    <td>Smith</td>
    <td>50</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Eve</td>
    <td>Jackson</td>
    <td>94</td>
  </tr>
</table>

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You will learn more about colspan and rowspan in the Table colspan & rowspan chapter.

Table Caption

You can add a caption that serves as a heading for the entire table.

Monthly savings
Month	Savings
January	$100
February	$50

To add a caption to a table, use the

tag:

Example

<table style=”width:100%”>
  <caption>Monthly savings</caption>
  <tr>
    <th>Month</th>
    <th>Savings</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>January</td>
    <td>$100</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>February</td>
    <td>$50</td>
  </tr>
</table>

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Note: The

tag should be inserted immediately after the tag.

HTML Exercises

HTML Table Padding & Spacing

HTML tables can adjust the padding inside the cells, and also the space between the cells.

With Padding
hello	hello	hello
hello	hello	hello
hello	hello	hello

With Spacing
hello	hello	hello
hello	hello	hello
hello	hello	hello

HTML Table – Cell Padding

Cell padding is the space between the cell edges and the cell content.

By default the padding is set to 0.

To add padding on table cells, use the CSS padding property:

Example

th, td {
padding: 15px;
}

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To add padding only above the content, use the padding-top property.

And the others sides with the padding-bottom, padding-left, and padding-right properties:

Example

th, td {
  padding-top: 10px;
  padding-bottom: 20px;
  padding-left: 30px;
  padding-right: 40px;
}

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HTML Table – Cell Spacing

Cell spacing is the space between each cell.

By default the space is set to 2 pixels.

To change the space between table cells, use the CSS border-spacing property on the table element:

Example

table {
border-spacing: 30px;
}

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HTML Table Colspan & Rowspan

HTML tables can have cells that spans over multiple rows and/or columns.

NAME

APRIL

2022

FIESTA
FIESTA

HTML Table – Colspan

To make a cell span over multiple columns, use the colspan attribute:

Example

<table>
  <tr>
    <th colspan=”2″>Name</th>
    <th>Age</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Jill</td>
    <td>Smith</td>
    <td>43</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Eve</td>
    <td>Jackson</td>
    <td>57</td>
  </tr>
</table>

Try it Yourself »

Note: The value of the colspan attribute represents the number of columns to span.

HTML Table – Rowspan

To make a cell span over multiple rows, use the rowspan attribute:

Example

<table>
  <tr>
    <th>Name</th>
    <td>Jill</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th rowspan=”2″>Phone</th>
    <td>555-1234</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>555-8745</td>
</tr>
</table>

Try it Yourself »

Note: The value of the rowspan attribute represents the number of rows to span.

HTML Exercises

Age

Jill

Smith

Eve

Jackson

Start the Exercise

HTML Table Styling

Use CSS to make your tables look better.

HTML Table – Zebra Stripes

If you add a background color on every other table row, you will get a nice zebra stripes effect.

1	2	3	4
5	6	7	8
9	10	11	12
13	14	15	16
17	18	19	20

To style every other table row element, use the :nth-child(even) selector like this:

Example

tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #D6EEEE;
}

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Note: If you use (odd) instead of (even), the styling will occur on row 1,3,5 etc. instead of 2,4,6 etc.

HTML Table – Vertical Zebra Stripes

To make vertical zebra stripes, style every other column, instead of every other row.

1	2	3	4
5	6	7	8
9	10	11	12
13	14	15	16
17	18	19	20

Set the :nth-child(even) for table data elements like this:

Example

td:nth-child(even), th:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #D6EEEE;
}

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Note: Put the :nth-child() selector on both th and td elements if you want to have the styling on both headers and regular table cells.

Combine Vertical and Horizontal Zebra Stripes

You can combine the styling from the two examples above and you will have stripes on every other row and every other column.

If you use a transparent color you will get an overlapping effect.

Use an rgba() color to specify the transparency of the color:

Example

tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: rgba(150, 212, 212, 0.4);
}

th:nth-child(even),td:nth-child(even) {
background-color: rgba(150, 212, 212, 0.4);
}

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Horizontal Dividers

First Name	Last Name	Savings
Peter	Griffin	$100
Lois	Griffin	$150
Joe	Swanson	$300

If you specify borders only at the bottom of each table row, you will have a table with horizontal dividers.

Add the border-bottom property to all tr elements to get horizontal dividers:

Example

tr {
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;
}

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Hoverable Table

Use the :hover selector on tr to highlight table rows on mouse over:

First Name	Last Name	Savings
Peter	Griffin	$100
Lois	Griffin	$150
Joe	Swanson	$300

Example

tr:hover {background-color: #D6EEEE;}

Try it Yourself »

HTML Table Colgroup

The

element is used to style specific columns of a table.

HTML Table Colgroup

If you want to style the two first columns of a table, use the

and

elements.

MON	TUE	WED	THU	FRI	SAT	SUN
1	2	3	4	5	6	7
8	9	10	11	12	13	14
15	16	17	18	19	20	21
22	23	24	25	26	27	28

The

element should be used as a container for the column specifications.

Each group are specified with a

element.

The span attribute specifies how many columns that gets the style.

The style attribute specifies the style to give the columns.

Note: There is a very limited selection of legal CSS properties for colgroups.

Example

<table>
  <colgroup>
    <col span=”2″ style=”background-color: #D6EEEE”>
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>MON</th>
    <th>TUE</th>
    <th>WED</th>
    <th>THU</th>
…

Try it Yourself »

Note: The

tag must be a child of a

element and should be placed before any other table elements, like

etc., but after the

element, if present.

Legal CSS Properties

There are only a very limited selection of CSS properties that are allowed to be used in the colgroup:

width property
visibility property
background properties
border properties

All other CSS properties will have no effect on your tables.

Multiple Col Elements

If you want to style more columns with different styles, use more

elements inside the

Example

<table>
  <colgroup>
    <col span=”2″ style=”background-color: #D6EEEE”>
  <col span=”3″ style=”background-color: pink”>
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>MON</th>
    <th>TUE</th>
    <th>WED</th>
    <th>THU</th>
…

Try it Yourself »

Empty Colgroups

If you want to style columns in the middle of a table, insert a “empty”

element (with no styles) for the columns before:

Example

<table>
  <colgroup>
    <col span=”3″>
    <col span=”2″ style=”background-color: pink”>
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>MON</th>
    <th>TUE</th>
    <th>WED</th>
    <th>THU</th>
…

Try it Yourself »

Hide Columns

You can hide columns with the visibility: collapse property:

Example

<table>
  <colgroup>
    <col span=”2″>
    <col span=”3″ style=”visibility: collapse”>
  </colgroup>
  <tr>
    <th>MON</th>
    <th>TUE</th>
    <th>WED</th>
    <th>THU</th>
…

Try it Yourself »

HTML Lists

HTML lists allow web developers to group a set of related items in lists.

Example

An unordered HTML list:

Item
Item
Item
Item

An ordered HTML list:

First item
Second item
Third item
Fourth item

tag defines the term (name), and the

tag describes each term:

Example

<dl>
  <dt>Coffee</dt>
  <dd>– black hot drink</dd>
  <dt>Milk</dt>
  <dd>– white cold drink</dd>
</dl>

Try it Yourself »

HTML List Tags

Tag	Description
	Defines an unordered list
	Defines an ordered list
	Defines a list item
	Defines a description list
	Defines a term in a description list
	Describes the term in a description list

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Unordered Lists

Example

<ul>
  <li>Coffee</li>
  <li>Tea
  <ul>
      <li>Black tea</li>
      <li>Green tea</li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>Milk</li>
</ul>

Try it Yourself »

Note: A list item (

) can contain a new list, and other HTML elements, like images and links, etc.

Horizontal List with CSS

HTML lists can be styled in many different ways with CSS.

One popular way is to style a list horizontally, to create a navigation menu:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
ul {
list-style-type: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
overflow: hidden;
background-color: #333333;
}

li {
float: left;
}

li a {
  display: block;
  color: white;
  text-align: center;
  padding: 16px;
text-decoration: none;
}

li a:hover {
background-color: #111111;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<ul>
  <li><a href=”#home”>Home</a></li>
  <li><a href=”#news”>News</a></li>
  <li><a href=”#contact”>Contact</a></li>
  <li><a href=”#about”>About</a></li>
</ul>

</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself »

Tip: You can learn much more about CSS in our CSS Tutorial.

Chapter Summary

- - - Use the HTML element to define an unordered list
    - Use the CSS list-style-type property to define the list item marker
    - Use the HTML
    - element to define a list item
    - Lists can be nested
    - List items can contain other HTML elements
    - Use the CSS property float:left to display a list horizontally

HTML List Tags

Tag	Description
	Defines an unordered list
	Defines an ordered list
	Defines a list item
	Defines a description list
	Defines a term in a description list
	Describes the term in a description list

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Ordered Lists

The HTML

Ordered HTML List

An ordered list starts with the

The list items will be marked with numbers by default:

Example

<ol>
  <li>Coffee</li>
  <li>Tea</li>
  <li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Try it Yourself »

Ordered HTML List – The Type Attribute

The type attribute of the

- - 1. 1. tag, defines the type of the list item marker:

Type	Description
type=”1″	The list items will be numbered with numbers (default)
type=”A”	The list items will be numbered with uppercase letters
type=”a”	The list items will be numbered with lowercase letters
type=”I”	The list items will be numbered with uppercase roman numbers
type=”i”	The list items will be numbered with lowercase roman numbers

Numbers:

<ol type=”1″>
  <li>Coffee</li>
  <li>Tea</li>
  <li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Try it Yourself »

Uppercase Letters:

<ol type=”A”>
  <li>Coffee</li>
  <li>Tea</li>
  <li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Try it Yourself »

Lowercase Letters:

<ol type=”a”>
  <li>Coffee</li>
  <li>Tea</li>
  <li>Milk</li>
</ol>

Try it Yourself »

Uppercase Roman Numbers:

<ol type=”I”>
  <li>Coffee</li>
  <li>Tea</li>
  <li>Milk</li>
</ol>

) can contain a new list, and other HTML elements, like images and links, etc.

Chapter Summary

- - 1. 1. Use the HTML element to define an ordered list
        Use the HTML type attribute to define the numbering type
        Use the HTML
        
        element to define a list item
        Lists can be nested
        List items can contain other HTML elements

HTML List Tags

Tag	Description
	Defines an unordered list
	Defines an ordered list
	Defines a list item
	Defines a description list
	Defines a term in a description list
	Describes the term in a description list

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Other Lists

HTML also supports description lists.

HTML Description Lists

A description list is a list of terms, with a description of each term.

The

tag defines the description list, the

tag defines the term (name), and the

tag describes each term:

Example

<dl>
  <dt>Coffee</dt>
  <dd>– black hot drink</dd>
  <dt>Milk</dt>
  <dd>– white cold drink</dd>
</dl>

Try it Yourself »

Chapter Summary

Use the HTML
element to define a description list
Use the HTML element to define the description term
Use the HTML element to describe the term in a description list

HTML Exercises

HTML List Tags

Tag	Description
	Defines an unordered list
	Defines an ordered list
	Defines a list item
	Defines a description list
	Defines a term in a description list
	Describes the term in a description list

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Block & Inline

HTML Block and Inline Elements

Every HTML element has a default display value, depending on what type of element it is.

There are two display values: block and inline.

Block-level Elements

A block-level element always starts on a new line, and the browsers automatically add some space (a margin) before and after the element.

A block-level element always takes up the full width available (stretches out to the left and right as far as it can).

Two commonly used block elements are:

and

The

element defines a paragraph in an HTML document.

The

element defines a division or a section in an HTML document.

The

element is a block-level element.

The

element is a block-level element.

Example

<p>Hello World</p>
<div>Hello World</div>

Try it Yourself »

Here are the block-level elements in HTML:

Inline Elements

An inline element does not start on a new line.

An inline element only takes up as much width as necessary.

This is a element inside a paragraph.

Example

<span>Hello World</span>

Try it Yourself »

Here are the inline elements in HTML:

Note: An inline element cannot contain a block-level element!

The

Element

The

element is often used as a container for other HTML elements.

The

element has no required attributes, but style, class and id are common.

When used together with CSS, the

element can be used to style blocks of content:

Example

<div style=”background-color:black;color:white;padding:20px;”>
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
</div>

Try it Yourself »

The Element

The element is an inline container used to mark up a part of a text, or a part of a document.

The element has no required attributes, but style, class and id are common.

When used together with CSS, the element can be used to style parts of the text:

Example

<p>My mother has <span style=”color:blue;font-weight:bold”>blue</span> eyes and my father has <span style=”color:darkolivegreen;font-weight:bold”>dark green</span> eyes.</p>

Try it Yourself »

Chapter Summary

There are two display values: block and inline
A block-level element always starts on a new line and takes up the full width available
An inline element does not start on a new line and it only takes up as much width as necessary
The

element is a block-level and is often used as a container for other HTML elements
The element is an inline container used to mark up a part of a text, or a part of a document

HTML Tags

Tag	Description
	Defines a section in a document (block-level)
	Defines a section in a document (inline)

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Classes

HTML class Attribute

The HTML class attribute is used to specify a class for an HTML element.

Multiple HTML elements can share the same class.

Using The class Attribute

The class attribute is often used to point to a class name in a style sheet. It can also be used by a JavaScript to access and manipulate elements with the specific class name.

In the following example we have three

elements with a class attribute with the value of “city”. All of the three

elements will be styled equally according to the .city style definition in the head section:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
.city {
background-color: tomato;
color: white;
border: 2px solid black;
margin: 20px;
padding: 20px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<div class=”city”>
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital of England.</p>
</div>

<div class=”city”>
<h2>Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital of France.</p>
</div>

<div class=”city”>
<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan.</p>
</div>

</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself »

In the following example we have two elements with a class attribute with the value of “note”. Both elements will be styled equally according to the .note style definition in the head section:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
.note {
font-size: 120%;
color: red;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1>My <span class=”note”>Important</span> Heading</h1>
<p>This is some <span class=”note”>important</span> text.</p>

</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself »

Tip: The class attribute can be used on any HTML element.

Note: The class name is case sensitive!

Tip: You can learn much more about CSS in our CSS Tutorial.

The Syntax For Class

To create a class; write a period (.) character, followed by a class name. Then, define the CSS properties within curly braces {}:

Example

Create a class named “city”:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
.city {
background-color: tomato;
color: white;
padding: 10px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h2 class=”city”>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital of England.</p>

<h2 class=”city”>Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital of France.</p>

<h2 class=”city”>Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan.</p>

</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself »

Multiple Classes

HTML elements can belong to more than one class.

To define multiple classes, separate the class names with a space, e.g.

. The element will be styled according to all the classes specified.

In the following example, the first

element belongs to both the `city` class and also to the `main` class, and will get the CSS styles from both of the classes:

Example

<h2 class=”city main”>London</h2>
<h2 class=”city”>Paris</h2>
<h2 class=”city”>Tokyo</h2>

Try it Yourself »

Different Elements Can Share Same Class

Different HTML elements can point to the same class name.

In the following example, both

and

points to the “city” class and will share the same style:

Example

<h2 class=”city”>Paris</h2>
<p class=”city”>Paris is the capital of France</p>

Try it Yourself »

Use of The class Attribute in JavaScript

The class name can also be used by JavaScript to perform certain tasks for specific elements.

JavaScript can access elements with a specific class name with the getElementsByClassName() method:

Example

Click on a button to hide all elements with the class name “city”:

Try it Yourself »

Don’t worry if you don’t understand the code in the example above.

You will learn more about JavaScript in our HTML JavaScript chapter, or you can study our JavaScript Tutorial.

Chapter Summary

The HTML class attribute specifies one or more class names for an element
Classes are used by CSS and JavaScript to select and access specific elements
The class attribute can be used on any HTML element
The class name is case sensitive
Different HTML elements can point to the same class name
JavaScript can access elements with a specific class name with the getElementsByClassName() method

HTML Exercises

HTML Id

HTML id Attribute

The HTML id attribute is used to specify a unique id for an HTML element.

You cannot have more than one element with the same id in an HTML document.

Using The id Attribute

The id attribute specifies a unique id for an HTML element. The value of the id attribute must be unique within the HTML document.

The id attribute is used to point to a specific style declaration in a style sheet. It is also used by JavaScript to access and manipulate the element with the specific id.

The syntax for id is: write a hash character (#), followed by an id name. Then, define the CSS properties within curly braces {}.

In the following example we have an

element that points to the id name “myHeader”. This

element will be styled according to the `#myHeader` style definition in the head section:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
#myHeader {
background-color: lightblue;
color: black;
padding: 40px;
text-align: center;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<h1 id=”myHeader”>My Header</h1>

</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself »

Note: The id name is case sensitive!

Note: The id name must contain at least one character, cannot start with a number, and must not contain whitespaces (spaces, tabs, etc.).

Difference Between Class and ID

A class name can be used by multiple HTML elements, while an id name must only be used by one HTML element within the page:

Example

/* Style all elements with the class name “city” */
.city {
background-color: tomato;
color: white;
padding: 10px;
}
</style>

<h1 id=”myHeader”>My Cities</h1>

<h2 class=”city”>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital of England.</p>

<h2 class=”city”>Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital of France.</p>

<h2 class=”city”>Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan.</p>

Try it Yourself »

Tip: You can learn much more about CSS in our CSS Tutorial.

HTML Bookmarks with ID and Links

HTML bookmarks are used to allow readers to jump to specific parts of a webpage.

Bookmarks can be useful if your page is very long.

To use a bookmark, you must first create it, and then add a link to it.

Then, when the link is clicked, the page will scroll to the location with the bookmark.

Example

First, create a bookmark with the id attribute:

<h2 id=”C4″>Chapter 4</h2>

Then, add a link to the bookmark (“Jump to Chapter 4”), from within the same page:

Example

<a href=”#C4″>Jump to Chapter 4</a>

Try it Yourself »

Or, add a link to the bookmark (“Jump to Chapter 4”), from another page:

<a href=”html_demo.html#C4″>Jump to Chapter 4</a>

Using The id Attribute in JavaScript

The id attribute can also be used by JavaScript to perform some tasks for that specific element.

JavaScript can access an element with a specific id with the getElementById() method:

Example

Use the id attribute to manipulate text with JavaScript:

Try it Yourself »

Tip: Study JavaScript in the HTML JavaScript chapter, or in our JavaScript Tutorial.

Chapter Summary

The id attribute is used to specify a unique id for an HTML element
The value of the id attribute must be unique within the HTML document
The id attribute is used by CSS and JavaScript to style/select a specific element
The value of the id attribute is case sensitive
The id attribute is also used to create HTML bookmarks
JavaScript can access an element with a specific id with the getElementById() method

HTML Exercises

Start the Exercise

HTML Ifremes

HTML Iframes

An HTML iframe is used to display a web page within a web page.

HTML Iframe Syntax

The HTML tag specifies an inline frame. <p>An inline frame is used to embed another document within the current HTML document.</p> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Syntax</h3> <div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh"><span class="tagnamecolor"><span class="tagcolor"><</span>iframe<span class="attributecolor"> src<span class="attributevaluecolor">="<i>url</i>"</span> title<span class="attributevaluecolor">="<em>description</em>"</span></span><span class="tagcolor">></span></span><span class="tagnamecolor"><span class="tagcolor"><</span>/iframe<span class="tagcolor">></span></span></div> </div> <p><strong>Tip:</strong> It is a good practice to always include a <code class="w3-codespan">title</code> attribute for the <code class="w3-codespan"><iframe></code>. This is used by screen readers to read out what the content of the iframe is.</p> <hr /> <h2>Iframe - Set Height and Width</h2> <p>Use the <code class="w3-codespan">height</code> and <code class="w3-codespan">width</code> attributes to specify the size of the iframe.</p> <p>The height and width are specified in pixels by default:</p> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh"><span class="tagnamecolor"><span class="tagcolor"><</span>iframe<span class="attributecolor"> src<span class="attributevaluecolor">="demo_iframe.htm"</span> height<span class="attributevaluecolor">="200"</span> width<span class="attributevaluecolor">="300"</span> title<span class="attributevaluecolor">="Iframe Example"</span></span><span class="tagcolor">></span></span><span class="tagnamecolor"><span class="tagcolor"><</span>/iframe<span class="tagcolor">></span></span></div> <p><a class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom" href="https://www.w3schools.com/html/tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_iframe_height_width" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Try it Yourself »</a></div> <p>Or you can add the <code class="w3-codespan">style</code> attribute and use the CSS <code class="w3-codespan">height</code> and <code class="w3-codespan">width</code> properties:</p> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh"><span class="tagnamecolor"><span class="tagcolor"><</span>iframe<span class="attributecolor"> src<span class="attributevaluecolor">="demo_iframe.htm"</span> style<span class="attributevaluecolor">="height:200px;width:300px;"</span> title<span class="attributevaluecolor">="Iframe Example"</span></span><span class="tagcolor">></span></span><span class="tagnamecolor"><span class="tagcolor"><</span>/iframe<span class="tagcolor">></span></span></div> <p><a class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom" href="https://www.w3schools.com/html/tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_iframe_height_width_css" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Try it Yourself »</a></div> <hr /> <h2>Iframe - Remove the Border</h2> <p>By default, an iframe has a border around it.</p> <p>To remove the border, add the <code class="w3-codespan">style</code> attribute and use the CSS <code class="w3-codespan">border</code> property:</p> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh"><span class="tagnamecolor"><span class="tagcolor"><</span>iframe<span class="attributecolor"> src<span class="attributevaluecolor">="demo_iframe.htm"</span> style<span class="attributevaluecolor">="border:none;"</span> title<span class="attributevaluecolor">="Iframe Example"</span></span><span class="tagcolor">></span></span><span class="tagnamecolor"><span class="tagcolor"><</span>/iframe<span class="tagcolor">></span></span></div> <p><a class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom" href="https://www.w3schools.com/html/tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_iframe_frameborder" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Try it Yourself »</a></div> <p>With CSS, you can also change the size, style and color of the iframe's border:</p> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh"><span class="tagnamecolor"><span class="tagcolor"><</span>iframe<span class="attributecolor"> src<span class="attributevaluecolor">="demo_iframe.htm"</span> style<span class="attributevaluecolor">="border:2px solid red;"</span> title<span class="attributevaluecolor">="Iframe Example"</span></span><span class="tagcolor">></span></span><span class="tagnamecolor"><span class="tagcolor"><</span>/iframe<span class="tagcolor">></span></span></div> <p><a class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom" href="https://www.w3schools.com/html/tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_iframe_border2" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Try it Yourself »</a></div> <hr /> <h2>Iframe - Target for a Link</h2> <p>An iframe can be used as the target frame for a link.</p> <p>The <code class="w3-codespan">target</code> attribute of the link must refer to the <code class="w3-codespan">name</code> attribute of the iframe:</p> <div class="w3-example"> <h3>Example</h3> <div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh"><p><span class="tagnamecolor"><span class="tagcolor"><</span>iframe<span class="attributecolor"> src<span class="attributevaluecolor">="demo_iframe.htm"</span> name<span class="attributevaluecolor">="iframe_a"</span> title<span class="attributevaluecolor">="Iframe Example"</span></span><span class="tagcolor">></span></span><span class="tagnamecolor"><span class="tagcolor"><</span>/iframe<span class="tagcolor">></span></span></p> <p><span class="tagnamecolor"><span class="tagcolor"><</span>p<span class="tagcolor">></span></span><span class="tagnamecolor"><span class="tagcolor"><</span>a<span class="attributecolor"> href<span class="attributevaluecolor">="https://www.w3schools.com"</span> target<span class="attributevaluecolor">="iframe_a"</span></span><span class="tagcolor">></span></span>W3Schools.com<span class="tagnamecolor"><span class="tagcolor"><</span>/a<span class="tagcolor">></span></span><span class="tagnamecolor"><span class="tagcolor"><</span>/p<span class="tagcolor">></span></span></div> <p><a class="w3-btn w3-margin-bottom" href="https://www.w3schools.com/html/tryit.asp?filename=tryhtml_iframe_target" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Try it Yourself »</a></div> <hr /> <h2>Chapter Summary</h2> <ul> <li>The HTML <code class="w3-codespan"><iframe></code> tag specifies an inline frame</li> <li>The <code class="w3-codespan">src</code> attribute defines the URL of the page to embed</li> <li>Always include a <code class="w3-codespan">title</code> attribute (for screen readers)</li> <li>The <code class="w3-codespan">height</code> and <code class="w3-codespan">width</code> attributes specifies the size of the iframe</li> <li>Use <code class="w3-codespan">border:none;</code> to remove the border around the iframe</li> </ul> <hr /> <h2>HTML Exercises</h2> <form id="w3-exerciseform" action="https://www.w3schools.com/html/exercise.asp?filename=exercise_html_iframe1" autocomplete="off" method="post" target="_blank"> <h2>Test Yourself With Exercises</h2> <div class="exercisewindow"> <h2>Exercise:</h2> <p>Create an iframe with a URL address that goes to https://www.w3schools.com.</p> <div class="exerciseprecontainer"><iframe <input spellcheck="false" maxlength="3" name="ex1" type="text" />="https://www.w3schools.com">

Start the Exercise

HTML iframe Tag

Tag	Description
<td>Defines an inline frame</td> <div class="w3-note w3-panel"> <p>For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our <a href="https://www.w3schools.com/tags/default.asp">HTML Tag Reference</a>.</p> </div>

HTML Head

HTML – The Head Element

The HTML element is a container for the following elements:

HTML Layout

HTML Layout Elements and Techniques

Responsive web design is about creating web pages that look good on all devices!

A responsive web design will automatically adjust for different screen sizes and viewports.

What is Responsive Web Design?

Responsive Web Design is about using HTML and CSS to automatically resize, hide, shrink, or enlarge, a website, to make it look good on all devices (desktops, tablets, and phones):

Try it Yourself »

Setting The Viewport

To create a responsive website, add the following tag to all your web pages:

Example

Try it Yourself »

This will set the viewport of your page, which will give the browser instructions on how to control the page’s dimensions and scaling.

Here is an example of a web page without the viewport meta tag, and the same web page with the viewport meta tag:

Without the viewport meta tag:

With the viewport meta tag:

Tip: If you are browsing this page on a phone or a tablet, you can click on the two links above to see the difference.

Responsive Images

Responsive images are images that scale nicely to fit any browser size.

Using the width Property

If the CSS width property is set to 100%, the image will be responsive and scale up and down:

Example

Try it Yourself »

Notice that in the example above, the image can be scaled up to be larger than its original size. A better solution, in many cases, will be to use the max-width property instead.

Using the max-width Property

If the max-width property is set to 100%, the image will scale down if it has to, but never scale up to be larger than its original size:

Example

Try it Yourself »

Show Different Images Depending on Browser Width

The HTML element allows you to define different images for different browser window sizes.

Resize the browser window to see how the image below change depending on the width:

Flowers

Example

Try it Yourself »

Responsive Text Size

The text size can be set with a “vw” unit, which means the “viewport width”.

That way the text size will follow the size of the browser window:

Hello World

Resize the browser window to see how the text size scales.

Example

<h1 style=”font-size:10vw“>Hello World</h1>

Try it Yourself »

Viewport is the browser window size. 1vw = 1% of viewport width. If the viewport is 50cm wide, 1vw is 0.5cm.

Media Queries

In addition to resize text and images, it is also common to use media queries in responsive web pages.

With media queries you can define completely different styles for different browser sizes.

Example: resize the browser window to see that the three div elements below will display horizontally on large screens and stacked vertically on small screens:

Main Content

Right Content

Example

.main {
float: left;
width: 60%; /* The width is 60%, by default */
}

/* Use a media query to add a breakpoint at 800px: */
@media screen and (max-width: 800px) {
.left, .main, .right {
width: 100%; /* The width is 100%, when the viewport is 800px or smaller */
}
}
</style>

Try it Yourself »

Tip: To learn more about Media Queries and Responsive Web Design, read our RWD Tutorial.

Responsive Web Page – Full Example

A responsive web page should look good on large desktop screens and on small mobile phones.

Try it Yourself »

Ever heard about W3Schools Spaces? Here you can create your website from scratch or use a template, and host it for free.

Get started for free ❯

* no credit card required

Responsive Web Design – Frameworks

All popular CSS Frameworks offer responsive design.

They are free, and easy to use.

W3.CSS

W3.CSS is a modern CSS framework with support for desktop, tablet, and mobile design by default.

W3.CSS is smaller and faster than similar CSS frameworks.

W3.CSS is designed to be a high quality alternative to Bootstrap.

W3.CSS is designed to be independent of jQuery or any other JavaScript library.

W3.CSS Demo

Resize the page to see the responsiveness!

London

London is the capital city of England.

It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.

Paris

Paris is the capital of France.

The Paris area is one of the largest population centers in Europe, with more than 12 million inhabitants.

Tokyo

Tokyo is the capital of Japan.

It is the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<meta name=”viewport” content=”width=device-width, initial-scale=1″>
<link rel=”stylesheet” href=”https://www.w3schools.com/w3css/4/w3.css”>
<body>

<div class=”w3-container w3-green”>
<h1>W3Schools Demo</h1>
<p>Resize this responsive page!</p>
</div>

<div class=”w3-row-padding”>
  <div class=”w3-third”>
    <h2>London</h2>
    <p>London is the capital city of England.</p>
    <p>It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
    with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
  </div>

  <div class=”w3-third”>
    <h2>Paris</h2>
    <p>Paris is the capital of France.</p>
    <p>The Paris area is one of the largest population centers in Europe,
    with more than 12 million inhabitants.</p>
  </div>

  <div class=”w3-third”>
    <h2>Tokyo</h2>
    <p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan.</p>
    <p>It is the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,
    and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>
  </div>
</div>

</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself »

To learn more about W3.CSS, read our W3.CSS Tutorial.

Bootstrap

Another popular CSS framework is Bootstrap. Bootstrap uses HTML, CSS and jQuery to make responsive web pages.

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang=”en”>
<head>
<title>Bootstrap Example</title>
<meta charset=”utf-8″>
<meta name=”viewport” content=”width=device-width, initial-scale=1″>
<link rel=”stylesheet” href=”https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.1/css/bootstrap.min.css”>
<script src=”https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.5.1/jquery.min.js”></script>
<script src=”https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.1/js/bootstrap.min.js”></script>
</head>
<body>

<div class=”container”>
  <div class=”jumbotron”>
    <h1>My First Bootstrap Page</h1>
  </div>
  <div class=”row”>
    <div class=”col-sm-4″>
      …
    </div>
    <div class=”col-sm-4″>
      …
    </div>
    <div class=”col-sm-4″>
    …
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself »

To learn more about Bootstrap, go to our Bootstrap Tutorial.

HTML Responsive

HTML Responsive Web Design

Responsive web design is about creating web pages that look good on all devices!

A responsive web design will automatically adjust for different screen sizes and viewports.

What is Responsive Web Design?

Responsive Web Design is about using HTML and CSS to automatically resize, hide, shrink, or enlarge, a website, to make it look good on all devices (desktops, tablets, and phones):

Try it Yourself »

Setting The Viewport

To create a responsive website, add the following tag to all your web pages:

Example

Try it Yourself »

This will set the viewport of your page, which will give the browser instructions on how to control the page’s dimensions and scaling.

Here is an example of a web page without the viewport meta tag, and the same web page with the viewport meta tag:

Without the viewport meta tag:

With the viewport meta tag:

Tip: If you are browsing this page on a phone or a tablet, you can click on the two links above to see the difference.

Responsive Images

Responsive images are images that scale nicely to fit any browser size.

Using the width Property

If the CSS width property is set to 100%, the image will be responsive and scale up and down:

Example

Try it Yourself »

Notice that in the example above, the image can be scaled up to be larger than its original size. A better solution, in many cases, will be to use the max-width property instead.

Using the max-width Property

If the max-width property is set to 100%, the image will scale down if it has to, but never scale up to be larger than its original size:

Example

Try it Yourself »

Show Different Images Depending on Browser Width

The HTML element allows you to define different images for different browser window sizes.

Resize the browser window to see how the image below change depending on the width:

Flowers

Example

Try it Yourself »

Responsive Text Size

The text size can be set with a “vw” unit, which means the “viewport width”.

That way the text size will follow the size of the browser window:

Hello World

Resize the browser window to see how the text size scales.

Example

<h1 style=”font-size:10vw“>Hello World</h1>

Try it Yourself »

Viewport is the browser window size. 1vw = 1% of viewport width. If the viewport is 50cm wide, 1vw is 0.5cm.

Media Queries

In addition to resize text and images, it is also common to use media queries in responsive web pages.

With media queries you can define completely different styles for different browser sizes.

Example: resize the browser window to see that the three div elements below will display horizontally on large screens and stacked vertically on small screens:

Main Content

Right Content

Example

.main {
float: left;
width: 60%; /* The width is 60%, by default */
}

Try it Yourself »

Tip: To learn more about Media Queries and Responsive Web Design, read our RWD Tutorial.

Responsive Web Page – Full Example

A responsive web page should look good on large desktop screens and on small mobile phones.

Try it Yourself »

Ever heard about W3Schools Spaces? Here you can create your website from scratch or use a template, and host it for free.

Get started for free ❯

* no credit card required

Responsive Web Design – Frameworks

All popular CSS Frameworks offer responsive design.

They are free, and easy to use.

W3.CSS

W3.CSS is a modern CSS framework with support for desktop, tablet, and mobile design by default.

W3.CSS is smaller and faster than similar CSS frameworks.

W3.CSS is designed to be a high quality alternative to Bootstrap.

W3.CSS is designed to be independent of jQuery or any other JavaScript library.

W3.CSS Demo

Resize the page to see the responsiveness!

London

London is the capital city of England.

It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.

Paris

Paris is the capital of France.

The Paris area is one of the largest population centers in Europe, with more than 12 million inhabitants.

Tokyo

Tokyo is the capital of Japan.

It is the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<meta name=”viewport” content=”width=device-width, initial-scale=1″>
<link rel=”stylesheet” href=”https://www.w3schools.com/w3css/4/w3.css”>
<body>

<div class=”w3-container w3-green”>
<h1>W3Schools Demo</h1>
<p>Resize this responsive page!</p>
</div>

</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself »

To learn more about W3.CSS, read our W3.CSS Tutorial.

Bootstrap

Another popular CSS framework is Bootstrap. Bootstrap uses HTML, CSS and jQuery to make responsive web pages.

Example

</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself »

To learn more about Bootstrap, go to our Bootstrap Tutorial.

HTML ComputorCode

HTML Computer Code Elements

HTML contains several elements for defining user input and computer code.

Example

Try it Yourself »

HTML `For Keyboard Input`

The HTML element is used to define keyboard input. The content inside is displayed in the browser’s default monospace font.

Example

Define some text as keyboard input in a document:

<p>Save the document by pressing <kbd>Ctrl + S</kbd></p>

Result:

Save the document by pressing Ctrl + S

Try it Yourself »

HTML `For Program Output`

The HTML element is used to define sample output from a computer program. The content inside is displayed in the browser’s default monospace font.

Example

Define some text as sample output from a computer program in a document:

<p>Message from my computer:</p>
<p><samp>File not found.<br>Press F1 to continue</samp></p>

Result:

Message from my computer:

File not found. Press F1 to continue

Try it Yourself »

HTML `For Computer Code`

The HTML element is used to define a piece of computer code. The content inside is displayed in the browser's default monospace font.

Example

Define some text as computer code in a document:

Result:

x = 5; y = 6; z = x + y;

Try it Yourself »

Notice that the element does not preserve extra whitespace and line-breaks.

To fix this, you can put the element inside a

 element:

Example

Result:

x = 5;
y = 6;
z = x + y;

Try it Yourself »

HTML `For Variables`

The HTML element is used to define a variable in programming or in a mathematical expression. The content inside is typically displayed in italic.

Example

Define some text as variables in a document:

<p>The area of a triangle is: 1/2 x <var>b</var> x <var>h</var>, where <var>b</var> is the base, and <var>h</var> is the vertical height.</p>

Result:

The area of a triangle is: 1/2 x b x h, where b is the base, and h is the vertical height.

Try it Yourself »

Chapter Summary

The element defines keyboard input
The element defines sample output from a computer program
The element defines a piece of computer code
The element defines a variable in programming or in a mathematical expression
The
```
 
```
element defines preformatted text

HTML Exercises

HTML Computer Code Elements

Tag	Description
	Defines programming code
	Defines keyboard input
	Defines computer output
	Defines a variable
	Defines preformatted text

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Semantics

HTML Semantic Elements

Semantic elements = elements with a meaning.

What are Semantic Elements?

A semantic element clearly describes its meaning to both the browser and the developer.

Examples of non-semantic elements:

and – Tells nothing about its content.

Examples of semantic elements:

, and – Clearly defines its content.Semantic Elements in HTMLMany web sites contain HTML code like:

to indicate navigation, header, and footer.

In HTML there are some semantic elements that can be used to define different parts of a web page:

HTML

Element

The

element defines a section in a document.

According to W3C’s HTML documentation: “A section is a thematic grouping of content, typically with a heading.”

Examples of where a

element can be used:

Chapters
Introduction
News items
Contact information

A web page could normally be split into sections for introduction, content, and contact information.

Example

Two sections in a document:

<section>
<h1>WWF</h1>
<p>The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international organization working on issues regarding the conservation, research and restoration of the environment, formerly named the World Wildlife Fund. WWF was founded in 1961.</p>
</section>

<section>
<h1>WWF’s Panda symbol</h1>
<p>The Panda has become the symbol of WWF. The well-known panda logo of WWF originated from a panda named Chi Chi that was transferred from the Beijing Zoo to the London Zoo in the same year of the establishment of WWF.</p>
</section>

Try it Yourself »

HTML

Element

The

element specifies independent, self-contained content.

An article should make sense on its own, and it should be possible to distribute it independently from the rest of the web site.

Examples of where the

element can be used:

Forum posts
Blog posts
User comments
Product cards
Newspaper articles

Example

Three articles with independent, self-contained content:

<article>
<h2>Google Chrome</h2>
<p>Google Chrome is a web browser developed by Google, released in 2008. Chrome is the world’s most popular web browser today!</p>
</article>

<article>
<h2>Mozilla Firefox</h2>
<p>Mozilla Firefox is an open-source web browser developed by Mozilla. Firefox has been the second most popular web browser since January, 2018.</p>
</article>

<article>
<h2>Microsoft Edge</h2>
<p>Microsoft Edge is a web browser developed by Microsoft, released in 2015. Microsoft Edge replaced Internet Explorer.</p>
</article>

Try it Yourself »

Example 2

Use CSS to style the

element:

<html>
<head>
<style>
.all-browsers {
margin: 0;
padding: 5px;
background-color: lightgray;
}

.all-browsers > h1, .browser {
margin: 10px;
padding: 5px;
}

.browser {
background: white;
}

.browser > h2, p {
margin: 4px;
font-size: 90%;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>

<article class=”all-browsers”>
  <h1>Most Popular Browsers</h1>
  <article class=”browser”>
    <h2>Google Chrome</h2>
    <p>Google Chrome is a web browser developed by Google, released in 2008. Chrome is the world’s most popular web browser today!</p>
  </article>
  <article class=”browser”>
    <h2>Mozilla Firefox</h2>
    <p>Mozilla Firefox is an open-source web browser developed by Mozilla. Firefox has been the second most popular web browser since January, 2018.</p>
  </article>
  <article class=”browser”>
    <h2>Microsoft Edge</h2>
    <p>Microsoft Edge is a web browser developed by Microsoft, released in 2015. Microsoft Edge replaced Internet Explorer.</p>
  </article>
</article>

</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself »

Nesting

or Vice Versa?

The

element specifies independent, self-contained content.

The

element defines section in a document.

Can we use the definitions to decide how to nest those elements? No, we cannot!

So, you will find HTML pages with

elements containing

elements, and

elements containing

elements.

HTML

Element

The

element represents a container for introductory content or a set of navigational links.

element typically contains:

one or more heading elements (
–
)
logo or icon
authorship information

Note: You can have several

elements in one HTML document. However,

cannot be placed within a ,

or another

element.

Example

A header for an

<article>
  <header>
    <h1>What Does WWF Do?</h1>
    <p>WWF’s mission:</p>
  </header>
  <p>WWF’s mission is to stop the degradation of our planet’s natural environment,
and build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature.</p>
</article>

Try it Yourself »

HTML

The

Tag	Description
	Defines independent, self-contained content
	Defines content aside from the page content
	Defines additional details that the user can view or hide
	Defines a caption for a element
	Specifies self-contained content, like illustrations, diagrams, photos, code listings, etc.
	Defines a footer for a document or section
	Specifies a header for a document or section
	Specifies the main content of a document
	Defines marked/highlighted text
	Defines navigation links
	Defines a section in a document
	Defines a visible heading for a element
	Defines a date/time

For a complete list of all available HTML tags, visit our HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Style Guide

A consistent, clean, and tidy HTML code makes it easier for others to read and understand your code.

Here are some guidelines and tips for creating good HTML code.

Always Declare Document Type

Always declare the document type as the first line in your document.

The correct document type for HTML is:

<!DOCTYPE html>

Use Lowercase Element Names

HTML allows mixing uppercase and lowercase letters in element names.

However, we recommend using lowercase element names, because:

Mixing uppercase and lowercase names looks bad
Developers normally use lowercase names
Lowercase looks cleaner
Lowercase is easier to write

Good:

Bad:

Very bad:

This will not work, because the value contains spaces:

Always Specify alt, width, and height for Images

Always specify the alt attribute for images. This attribute is important if the image for some reason cannot be displayed.

Also, always define the width and height of images. This reduces flickering, because the browser can reserve space for the image before loading.

Good:

Bad:

Spaces and Equal Signs

HTML allows spaces around equal signs. But space-less is easier to read and groups entities better together.

Good:

Bad:

Avoid Long Code Lines

When using an HTML editor, it is NOT convenient to scroll right and left to read the HTML code.

Try to avoid too long code lines.

Blank Lines and Indentation

Do not add blank lines, spaces, or indentations without a reason.

For readability, add blank lines to separate large or logical code blocks.

For readability, add two spaces of indentation. Do not use the tab key.

Good:

<body>

<h1>Famous Cities</h1>

<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>

<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom.</p>

<h2>Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital of France. The Paris area is one of the largest population centers in Europe.</p>

</body>

Bad:

<body>
<h1>Famous Cities</h1>
<h2>Tokyo</h2><p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>
<h2>London</h2><p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom.</p>
<h2>Paris</h2><p>Paris is the capital of France. The Paris area is one of the largest population centers in Europe.</p>
</body>

Good Table Example:

<table>
  <tr>
    <th>Name</th>
    <th>Description</th>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>A</td>
    <td>Description of A</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>B</td>
    <td>Description of B</td>
  </tr>
</table>

Good List Example:

<ul>
  <li>London</li>
  <li>Paris</li>
  <li>Tokyo</li>
</ul>

Never Skip the

HTML Entities

Reserved characters in HTML must be replaced with character entities.

HTML Entities

Some characters are reserved in HTML.

If you use the less than (<) or greater than (>) signs in your text, the browser might mix them with tags.

Character entities are used to display reserved characters in HTML.

A character entity looks like this:

&entity_name;

&#entity_number;

To display a less than sign (<) we must write: < or <

Advantage of using an entity name: An entity name is easy to remember.
Disadvantage of using an entity name: Browsers may not support all entity names, but the support for entity numbers is good.

Non-breaking Space

A commonly used entity in HTML is the non-breaking space:  

A non-breaking space is a space that will not break into a new line.

Two words separated by a non-breaking space will stick together (not break into a new line). This is handy when breaking the words might be disruptive.

Examples:

§ 10
10 km/h
10 PM

Another common use of the non-breaking space is to prevent browsers from truncating spaces in HTML pages.

If you write 10 spaces in your text, the browser will remove 9 of them. To add real spaces to your text, you can use the   character entity.

Tip: The non-breaking hyphen (‑) is used to define a hyphen character (‑) that does not break into a new line.

Some Useful HTML Character Entities

Result	Description	Entity Name	Entity Number	Try it
	non-breaking space			Try it »
<	less than	<	<	Try it »
>	greater than	>	>	Try it »
&	ampersand	&	&	Try it »
“	double quotation mark	"	"	Try it »
‘	single quotation mark (apostrophe)	'	'	Try it »
¢	cent	¢	¢	Try it »
£	pound	£	£	Try it »
¥	yen	¥	¥	Try it »
€	euro	€	€	Try it »
©	copyright	©	©	Try it »
®	registered trademark	®	®	Try it »

Note: Entity names are case sensitive.

Combining Diacritical Marks

A diacritical mark is a “glyph” added to a letter.

Some diacritical marks, like grave ( ̀) and acute ( ́) are called accents.

Diacritical marks can appear both above and below a letter, inside a letter, and between two letters.

Diacritical marks can be used in combination with alphanumeric characters to produce a character that is not present in the character set (encoding) used in the page.

Here are some examples:

Mark	Character	Construct	Result	Try it
̀	a	à	à	Try it »
́	a	á	á	Try it »
̂	a	â	â	Try it »
̃	a	ã	ã	Try it »
̀	O	Ò	Ò	Try it »
́	O	Ó	Ó	Try it »
̂	O	Ô	Ô	Try it »
̃	O	Õ	Õ	Try it »

You will see more HTML symbols in the next chapter of this tutorial.

HTML Symbols

Symbols that are not present on your keyboard can also be added by using entities.

HTML Symbol Entities

HTML entities were described in the previous chapter.

Many mathematical, technical, and currency symbols, are not present on a normal keyboard.

To add such symbols to an HTML page, you can use the entity name or the entity number (a decimal or a hexadecimal reference) for the symbol.

Example

Display the euro sign, €, with an entity name, a decimal, and a hexadecimal value:

<p>I will display €</p>
<p>I will display €</p>
<p>I will display €</p>

Will display as:

I will display €
I will display €
I will display €

Try it Yourself »

Some Mathematical Symbols Supported by HTML

Char	Number	Entity	Description	Try it
∀	∀	∀	FOR ALL	Try it »
∂	∂	∂	PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL	Try it »
∃	∃	∃	THERE EXISTS	Try it »
∅	∅	∅	EMPTY SETS	Try it »
∇	∇	∇	NABLA	Try it »
∈	∈	∈	ELEMENT OF	Try it »
∉	∉	∉	NOT AN ELEMENT OF	Try it »
∋	∋	∋	CONTAINS AS MEMBER	Try it »
∏	∏	∏	N-ARY PRODUCT	Try it »
∑	∑	∑	N-ARY SUMMATION	Try it »

Full Math Reference

Some Greek Letters Supported by HTML

Char	Number	Entity	Description	Try it
Α	Α	Α	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA	Try it »
Β	Β	Β	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA	Try it »
Γ	Γ	Γ	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA	Try it »
Δ	Δ	Δ	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA	Try it »
Ε	Ε	Ε	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON	Try it »
Ζ	Ζ	Ζ	GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA	Try it »

Full Greek Reference

Some Other Entities Supported by HTML

Char	Number	Entity	Description	Try it
©	©	©	COPYRIGHT SIGN	Try it »
®	®	®	REGISTERED SIGN	Try it »
€	€	€	EURO SIGN	Try it »
™	™	™	TRADEMARK	Try it »
←	←	←	LEFTWARDS ARROW	Try it »
↑	↑	↑	UPWARDS ARROW	Try it »
→	→	→	RIGHTWARDS ARROW	Try it »
↓	↓	↓	DOWNWARDS ARROW	Try it »
♠	♠	♠	BLACK SPADE SUIT	Try it »
♣	♣	♣	BLACK CLUB SUIT	Try it »
♥	♥	♥	BLACK HEART SUIT	Try it »
♦	♦	♦	BLACK DIAMOND SUIT	Try it »

Full Currency Reference

Full Arrows Reference

Full Symbols Reference

HTML Emojis

Using Emojis in HTML

Emojis are characters from the UTF-8 character set: 😄 😍 💗

What are Emojis?

Emojis look like images, or icons, but they are not.

They are letters (characters) from the UTF-8 (Unicode) character set.

UTF-8 covers almost all of the characters and symbols in the world.

The HTML charset Attribute

To display an HTML page correctly, a web browser must know the character set used in the page.

This is specified in the tag:

If not specified, UTF-8 is the default character set in HTML.

UTF-8 Characters

Many UTF-8 characters cannot be typed on a keyboard, but they can always be displayed using numbers (called entity numbers):

A is 65
B is 66
C is 67

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset=”UTF-8″>
</head>
<body>

<p>I will display A B C</p>
<p>I will display A B C</p>

</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself »

Example Explained

The element defines the character set.

The characters A, B, and C, are displayed by the numbers 65, 66, and 67.

To let the browser understand that you are displaying a character, you must start the entity number with &# and end it with ; (semicolon).

Emoji Characters

Emojis are also characters from the UTF-8 alphabet:

😄 is 128516
😍 is 128525
💗 is 128151

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset=”UTF-8″>
</head>
<body>

<h1>My First Emoji</h1>

</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself »

Since Emojis are characters, they can be copied, displayed, and sized just like any other character in HTML.

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset=”UTF-8″>
</head>
<body>

<h1>Sized Emojis</h1>

</body>
</html>

Try it Yourself »

Some Emoji Symbols in UTF-8

Emoji	Value	Try it
🗻	🗻	Try it »
🗼	🗼	Try it
🗽	🗽	Try it »
🗾	🗾	Try it »
🗿	🗿	Try it »
😀	😀	Try it »
😁	😁	Try it »
😂	😂	Try it »
😃	😃	Try it »
😄	😄	Try it »
😅	😅	Try it »

For a full list, please go to our HTML Emoji Reference.

HTML Charset

HTML Encoding (Character Sets)

To display an HTML page correctly, a web browser must know which character set to use.

From ASCII to UTF-8

ASCII was the first character encoding standard. ASCII defined 128 different characters that could be used on the internet: numbers (0-9), English letters (A-Z), and some special characters like ! $ + – ( ) @ < > .

ISO-8859-1 was the default character set for HTML 4. This character set supported 256 different character codes. HTML 4 also supported UTF-8.

ANSI (Windows-1252) was the original Windows character set. ANSI is identical to ISO-8859-1, except that ANSI has 32 extra characters.

The HTML5 specification encourages web developers to use the UTF-8 character set, which covers almost all of the characters and symbols in the world!

The HTML charset Attribute

To display an HTML page correctly, a web browser must know the character set used in the page.

This is specified in the tag:

Differences Between Character Sets

The following table displays the differences between the character sets described above:

Numb	ASCII	ANSI	8859	UTF-8	Description
32					space
33	!	!	!	!	exclamation mark
34	“	“	“	“	quotation mark
35	#	#	#	#	number sign
36	$	$	$	$	dollar sign
37	%	%	%	%	percent sign
38	&	&	&	&	ampersand
39	‘	‘	‘	‘	apostrophe
40	(	(	(	(	left parenthesis
41	)	)	)	)	right parenthesis
42	*	*	*	*	asterisk
43	+	+	+	+	plus sign
44	,	,	,	,	comma
45	–	–	–	–	hyphen-minus
46	.	.	.	.	full stop
47	/	/	/	/	solidus
48	0	0	0	0	digit zero
49	1	1	1	1	digit one
50	2	2	2	2	digit two
51	3	3	3	3	digit three
52	4	4	4	4	digit four
53	5	5	5	5	digit five
54	6	6	6	6	digit six
55	7	7	7	7	digit seven
56	8	8	8	8	digit eight
57	9	9	9	9	digit nine
58	:	:	:	:	colon
59	;	;	;	;	semicolon
60	<	<	<	<	less-than sign
61	=	=	=	=	equals sign
62	>	>	>	>	greater-than sign
63	?	?	?	?	question mark
64	@	@	@	@	commercial at
65	A	A	A	A	Latin capital letter A
66	B	B	B	B	Latin capital letter B
67	C	C	C	C	Latin capital letter C
68	D	D	D	D	Latin capital letter D
69	E	E	E	E	Latin capital letter E
70	F	F	F	F	Latin capital letter F
71	G	G	G	G	Latin capital letter G
72	H	H	H	H	Latin capital letter H
73	I	I	I	I	Latin capital letter I
74	J	J	J	J	Latin capital letter J
75	K	K	K	K	Latin capital letter K
76	L	L	L	L	Latin capital letter L
77	M	M	M	M	Latin capital letter M
78	N	N	N	N	Latin capital letter N
79	O	O	O	O	Latin capital letter O
80	P	P	P	P	Latin capital letter P
81	Q	Q	Q	Q	Latin capital letter Q
82	R	R	R	R	Latin capital letter R
83	S	S	S	S	Latin capital letter S
84	T	T	T	T	Latin capital letter T
85	U	U	U	U	Latin capital letter U
86	V	V	V	V	Latin capital letter V
87	W	W	W	W	Latin capital letter W
88	X	X	X	X	Latin capital letter X
89	Y	Y	Y	Y	Latin capital letter Y
90	Z	Z	Z	Z	Latin capital letter Z
91	[	[	[	[	left square bracket
92	\	\	\	\	reverse solidus
93	]	]	]	]	right square bracket
94	^	^	^	^	circumflex accent
95	_	_	_	_	low line
96	`	`	`	`	grave accent
97	a	a	a	a	Latin small letter a
98	b	b	b	b	Latin small letter b
99	c	c	c	c	Latin small letter c
100	d	d	d	d	Latin small letter d
101	e	e	e	e	Latin small letter e
102	f	f	f	f	Latin small letter f
103	g	g	g	g	Latin small letter g
104	h	h	h	h	Latin small letter h
105	i	i	i	i	Latin small letter i
106	j	j	j	j	Latin small letter j
107	k	k	k	k	Latin small letter k
108	l	l	l	l	Latin small letter l
109	m	m	m	m	Latin small letter m
110	n	n	n	n	Latin small letter n
111	o	o	o	o	Latin small letter o
112	p	p	p	p	Latin small letter p
113	q	q	q	q	Latin small letter q
114	r	r	r	r	Latin small letter r
115	s	s	s	s	Latin small letter s
116	t	t	t	t	Latin small letter t
117	u	u	u	u	Latin small letter u
118	v	v	v	v	Latin small letter v
119	w	w	w	w	Latin small letter w
120	x	x	x	x	Latin small letter x
121	y	y	y	y	Latin small letter y
122	z	z	z	z	Latin small letter z
123	{	{	{	{	left curly bracket
124	\|	\|	\|	\|	vertical line
125	}	}	}	}	right curly bracket
126	~	~	~	~	tilde
127	DEL
128		€			euro sign
129					NOT USED
130		‚			single low-9 quotation mark
131		ƒ			Latin small letter f with hook
132		„			double low-9 quotation mark
133		…			horizontal ellipsis
134		†			dagger
135		‡			double dagger
136		ˆ			modifier letter circumflex accent
137		‰			per mille sign
138		Š			Latin capital letter S with caron
139		‹			single left-pointing angle quotation mark
140		Œ			Latin capital ligature OE
141					NOT USED
142		Ž			Latin capital letter Z with caron
143					NOT USED
144					NOT USED
145		‘			left single quotation mark
146		’			right single quotation mark
147		“			left double quotation mark
148		”			right double quotation mark
149		•			bullet
150		–			en dash
151		—			em dash
152		˜			small tilde
153		™			trade mark sign
154		š			Latin small letter s with caron
155		›			single right-pointing angle quotation mark
156		œ			Latin small ligature oe
157					NOT USED
158		ž			Latin small letter z with caron
159		Ÿ			Latin capital letter Y with diaeresis
160					no-break space
161		¡	¡	¡	inverted exclamation mark
162		¢	¢	¢	cent sign
163		£	£	£	pound sign
164		¤	¤	¤	currency sign
165		¥	¥	¥	yen sign
166		¦	¦	¦	broken bar
167		§	§	§	section sign
168		¨	¨	¨	diaeresis
169		©	©	©	copyright sign
170		ª	ª	ª	feminine ordinal indicator
171		«	«	«	left-pointing double angle quotation mark
172		¬	¬	¬	not sign
173					soft hyphen
174		®	®	®	registered sign
175		¯	¯	¯	macron
176		°	°	°	degree sign
177		±	±	±	plus-minus sign
178		²	²	²	superscript two
179		³	³	³	superscript three
180		´	´	´	acute accent
181		µ	µ	µ	micro sign
182		¶	¶	¶	pilcrow sign
183		·	·	·	middle dot
184		¸	¸	¸	cedilla
185		¹	¹	¹	superscript one
186		º	º	º	masculine ordinal indicator
187		»	»	»	right-pointing double angle quotation mark
188		¼	¼	¼	vulgar fraction one quarter
189		½	½	½	vulgar fraction one half
190		¾	¾	¾	vulgar fraction three quarters
191		¿	¿	¿	inverted question mark
192		À	À	À	Latin capital letter A with grave
193		Á	Á	Á	Latin capital letter A with acute
194		Â	Â	Â	Latin capital letter A with circumflex
195		Ã	Ã	Ã	Latin capital letter A with tilde
196		Ä	Ä	Ä	Latin capital letter A with diaeresis
197		Å	Å	Å	Latin capital letter A with ring above
198		Æ	Æ	Æ	Latin capital letter AE
199		Ç	Ç	Ç	Latin capital letter C with cedilla
200		È	È	È	Latin capital letter E with grave
201		É	É	É	Latin capital letter E with acute
202		Ê	Ê	Ê	Latin capital letter E with circumflex
203		Ë	Ë	Ë	Latin capital letter E with diaeresis
204		Ì	Ì	Ì	Latin capital letter I with grave
205		Í	Í	Í	Latin capital letter I with acute
206		Î	Î	Î	Latin capital letter I with circumflex
207		Ï	Ï	Ï	Latin capital letter I with diaeresis
208		Ð	Ð	Ð	Latin capital letter Eth
209		Ñ	Ñ	Ñ	Latin capital letter N with tilde
210		Ò	Ò	Ò	Latin capital letter O with grave
211		Ó	Ó	Ó	Latin capital letter O with acute
212		Ô	Ô	Ô	Latin capital letter O with circumflex
213		Õ	Õ	Õ	Latin capital letter O with tilde
214		Ö	Ö	Ö	Latin capital letter O with diaeresis
215		×	×	×	multiplication sign
216		Ø	Ø	Ø	Latin capital letter O with stroke
217		Ù	Ù	Ù	Latin capital letter U with grave
218		Ú	Ú	Ú	Latin capital letter U with acute
219		Û	Û	Û	Latin capital letter U with circumflex
220		Ü	Ü	Ü	Latin capital letter U with diaeresis
221		Ý	Ý	Ý	Latin capital letter Y with acute
222		Þ	Þ	Þ	Latin capital letter Thorn
223		ß	ß	ß	Latin small letter sharp s
224		à	à	à	Latin small letter a with grave
225		á	á	á	Latin small letter a with acute
226		â	â	â	Latin small letter a with circumflex
227		ã	ã	ã	Latin small letter a with tilde
228		ä	ä	ä	Latin small letter a with diaeresis
229		å	å	å	Latin small letter a with ring above
230		æ	æ	æ	Latin small letter ae
231		ç	ç	ç	Latin small letter c with cedilla
232		è	è	è	Latin small letter e with grave
233		é	é	é	Latin small letter e with acute
234		ê	ê	ê	Latin small letter e with circumflex
235		ë	ë	ë	Latin small letter e with diaeresis
236		ì	ì	ì	Latin small letter i with grave
237		í	í	í	Latin small letter i with acute
238		î	î	î	Latin small letter i with circumflex
239		ï	ï	ï	Latin small letter i with diaeresis
240		ð	ð	ð	Latin small letter eth
241		ñ	ñ	ñ	Latin small letter n with tilde
242		ò	ò	ò	Latin small letter o with grave
243		ó	ó	ó	Latin small letter o with acute
244		ô	ô	ô	Latin small letter o with circumflex
245		õ	õ	õ	Latin small letter o with tilde
246		ö	ö	ö	Latin small letter o with diaeresis
247		÷	÷	÷	division sign
248		ø	ø	ø	Latin small letter o with stroke
249		ù	ù	ù	Latin small letter u with grave
250		ú	ú	ú	Latin small letter u with acute
251		û	û	û	Latin small letter with circumflex
252		ü	ü	ü	Latin small letter u with diaeresis
253		ý	ý	ý	Latin small letter y with acute
254		þ	þ	þ	Latin small letter thorn
255		ÿ	ÿ	ÿ	Latin small letter y with diaeresis

The ASCII Character Set

ASCII uses the values from 0 to 31 (and 127) for control characters.

ASCII uses the values from 32 to 126 for letters, digits, and symbols.

ASCII does not use the values from 128 to 255.

The ANSI Character Set (Windows-1252)

ANSI is identical to ASCII for the values from 0 to 127.

ANSI has a proprietary set of characters for the values from 128 to 159.

ANSI is identical to UTF-8 for the values from 160 to 255.

The ISO-8859-1 Character Set

ISO-8859-1 is identical to ASCII for the values from 0 to 127.

ISO-8859-1 does not use the values from 128 to 159.

ISO-8859-1 is identical to UTF-8 for the values from 160 to 255.

The UTF-8 Character Set

UTF-8 is identical to ASCII for the values from 0 to 127.

UTF-8 does not use the values from 128 to 159.

UTF-8 is identical to both ANSI and 8859-1 for the values from 160 to 255.

UTF-8 continues from the value 256 with more than 10 000 different characters.

For a closer look, study our Complete HTML Character Set Reference.

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HTML URL Encode

HTML Uniform Resource Locators

A URL is another word for a web address.

A URL can be composed of words (e.g. w3schools.com), or an Internet Protocol (IP) address (e.g. 192.68.20.50).

Most people enter the name when surfing, because names are easier to remember than numbers.

URL – Uniform Resource Locator

Web browsers request pages from web servers by using a URL.

A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is used to address a document (or other data) on the web.

A web address like https://www.w3schools.com/html/default.asp follows these syntax rules:

scheme://prefix.domain:port/path/filename

Explanation:

scheme – defines the type of Internet service (most common is http or https)
prefix – defines a domain prefix (default for http is www)
domain – defines the Internet domain name (like w3schools.com)
port – defines the port number at the host (default for http is 80)
path – defines a path at the server (If omitted: the root directory of the site)
filename – defines the name of a document or resource

Common URL Schemes

The table below lists some common schemes:

Scheme	Short for	Used for
http	HyperText Transfer Protocol	Common web pages. Not encrypted
https	Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol	Secure web pages. Encrypted
ftp	File Transfer Protocol	Downloading or uploading files
file		A file on your computer

URL Encoding

URLs can only be sent over the Internet using the ASCII character-set. If a URL contains characters outside the ASCII set, the URL has to be converted.

URL encoding converts non-ASCII characters into a format that can be transmitted over the Internet.

URL encoding replaces non-ASCII characters with a “%” followed by hexadecimal digits.

URLs cannot contain spaces. URL encoding normally replaces a space with a plus (+) sign, or %20.

Try It Yourself

If you click “Submit”, the browser will URL encode the input before it is sent to the server.

A page at the server will display the received input.

Try some other input and click Submit again.

ASCII Encoding Examples

Your browser will encode input, according to the character-set used in your page.

The default character-set in HTML5 is UTF-8.

Character	From Windows-1252	From UTF-8
€	%80	%E2%82%AC
£	%A3	%C2%A3
©	%A9	%C2%A9
®	%AE	%C2%AE
À	%C0	%C3%80
Á	%C1	%C3%81
Â	%C2	%C3%82
Ã	%C3	%C3%83
Ä	%C4	%C3%84
Å	%C5	%C3%85

For a complete reference of all URL encodings, visit our URL Encoding Reference.

HTML 5/3

HTML Tutorial & Video Lessons

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Exercise:

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A Simple HTML Document

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Learn HTML Using Notepad or TextEdit

Step 1: Open Notepad (PC)

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Step 2: Write Some HTML

Step 3: Save the HTML Page

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The Declaration

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to

tags.

defines the most important heading.

defines the least important heading:

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How to View HTML Source?

View HTML Source Code:

Inspect an HTML Element:

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and

):

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and

:

element defines a heading.

and an end tag

Never Skip the End Tag

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HTML Attributes

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The href Attribute

Example

The src Attribute

Example

The width and height Attributes

Example

The alt Attribute

Example

Example

The style Attribute

Example

The lang Attribute

The title Attribute

Example

We Suggest: Always Use Lowercase Attributes

We Suggest: Always Quote Attribute Values

Good: